The five key traits in the Big Five personality model
By : Elaine Yoselyn Goviandry
- openness to experience (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious)
- conscientiousness (efficient/organized vs. extravagant/careless)
- extraversion (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved)
- agreeableness (friendly/compassionate vs. critical/rational)
- neuroticism (sensitive/nervous vs. resilient/confident)
Each trait represents a continuum. Individuals can fall anywhere on the continuum for each trait. It is important to note that each of the five primary personality traits represents a range between two extremes. For example, extraversion represents a continuum between extreme extraversion and extreme introversion. In the real world, most people lie somewhere in between.
1. Openness
Openness to experience refers to one’s willingness to try new things as well as engage in imaginative and intellectual activities. It includes the ability to “think outside of the box”. This personality trait features characteristics such as imagination and insight.[1]
Facets of openness include the following (John & Srivastava, 1999):
High
Low
2.Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness describes a person’s ability to regulate their impulse control in order to engage in goal-directed behaviors (Grohol, 2019). It measures elements such as control, inhibition, and persistency of behavior.
Facets of agreeableness include the following (John & Srivastava, 1999):
High
Low
3.Extraversion
Extraversion reflects the tendency and intensity to which someone seeks interaction with their environment, particularly socially. It encompasses the comfort and assertiveness levels of people in social situations.
Facets of extraversion include the following (John & Srivastava, 1999):
High
Low
4.Agreeableness
Agreeableness refers to how people tend to treat relationships with others. Unlike extraversion which consists of the pursuit of relationships, agreeableness focuses on people’s orientation and interactions with others (Ackerman, 2017).
facets of agreeableness include the following (John & Srivastava, 1999):
High
Low
5.Neuroticism
Neuroticism describes the overall emotional stability of an individual through how they perceive the world. It takes into account how likely a person is to interpret events as threatening or difficult. It also includes one’s propensity to experience negative emotions.
Facets of neuroticism include the following (John & Srivastava, 1999):
High
Low
People’s scores of the Big Five remain relatively stable for most of their life with some slight changes from childhood to adulthood. A study by Soto & John (2012) attempted to track the developmental trends of the Big Five traits. They found that overall agreeableness and conscientiousness increased with age. There was no significant trend for extraversion overall although gregariousness decreased and assertiveness increased.
Openness to experience and neuroticism decreased slightly from adolescence to middle adulthood. The researchers concluded that there were more significant trends in specific facets (i.e. adventurousness and depression) rather than in the Big Five traits overall.
The big 5 are also hugely influenced by both nature and nurture, studies also demonstrated that the Big Five personality traits are significantly influenced by genes and that all five traits are equally heritable. Heritability for males and females do not seem to differ significantly (Leohlin et al., 1998).
Reference:
https://www.simplypsychology.org/big-five-personality.html#con
https://www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html
https://www.verywellmind.com/the-big-five-personality-dimensions-2795422#citation-1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits
Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Strelau, J. (1997).
Jang KL, Livesley WJ, Vernon PA.
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